liver cancer treatment

Liver cancer treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach tailored to the individual's specific diagnosis, stage, and overall health. Common treatments include surgery, ablation, embolization, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. The choice and sequence of treatment depend on various factors, emphasizing the importance of a personalized treatment plan developed by a team of specialists.What is Liver Cancer?Liver cancer, also known as hepatic cancer, arises when cells in the liver become abnormal and grow out of control. There are different types of liver cancer, the most common being hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which originates in the main type of liver cell, the hepatocyte. Other, less common types include intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) and hepatoblastoma (primarily found in children). Understanding the type of liver cancer is crucial because it influences the treatment approach.Diagnosis and Staging of Liver CancerAccurate diagnosis and staging are essential for determining the best course of liver cancer treatment. The diagnostic process typically involves: Physical Exam and History: Assessing the patient's overall health and identifying any risk factors. Blood Tests: Liver function tests can indicate abnormalities. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a tumor marker often elevated in liver cancer. Imaging Tests: Ultrasound: A non-invasive imaging technique to visualize the liver. CT Scan: Provides detailed images of the liver and surrounding organs. MRI: Offers even greater detail and can detect smaller tumors. Liver Biopsy: A small sample of liver tissue is taken and examined under a microscope for cancer cells. Staging helps determine the extent of the cancer and guides treatment decisions. The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system is commonly used for HCC. It considers factors such as tumor size, number of tumors, liver function (Child-Pugh score), and presence of vascular invasion or metastasis.Liver Cancer Treatment OptionsThe treatment for liver cancer depends on the stage of cancer, liver function, and overall health. Treatment options may be used alone or in combination.Surgical ResectionSurgical resection involves removing the portion of the liver containing the tumor. This is generally an option for patients with early-stage liver cancer and good liver function. The goal is to completely remove the cancer while preserving enough healthy liver tissue. Shandong Baofa Cancer Research Institute’s surgeons are highly experienced in performing complex liver resections. Visit our website for more information.Liver TransplantationLiver transplantation may be an option for patients with advanced liver cancer that meets specific criteria. It involves replacing the diseased liver with a healthy liver from a deceased or living donor. This treatment offers the potential for a cure but requires careful patient selection and lifelong immunosuppression to prevent rejection.Ablation TherapiesAblation therapies destroy liver cancer tumors using heat, cold, or chemicals. These treatments are typically used for small tumors that are not amenable to surgical resection. Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA): Uses heat generated by radio waves to destroy cancer cells. Microwave Ablation (MWA): Similar to RFA but uses microwaves. Cryoablation: Uses extreme cold to freeze and destroy cancer cells. Chemical Ablation (Percutaneous Ethanol Injection): Involves injecting alcohol directly into the tumor to kill cancer cells.Embolization TherapiesEmbolization therapies block the blood supply to the liver cancer tumor, depriving it of oxygen and nutrients. These treatments are often used for larger tumors or when surgery is not an option. Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE): Chemotherapy drugs are delivered directly to the tumor along with embolic agents that block the blood supply. Transarterial Radioembolization (TARE) / Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT): Radioactive microspheres are delivered directly to the tumor, delivering targeted radiation therapy.Radiation TherapyRadiation therapy uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells. It may be used to treat liver cancer that has spread to other areas of the body or to relieve pain. Different types of radiation therapy can be used, including: External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT): Radiation is delivered from a machine outside the body. Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT): A more precise form of EBRT that delivers high doses of radiation to the tumor while minimizing damage to surrounding tissues.Targeted TherapyTargeted therapy drugs target specific molecules involved in cancer cell growth and survival. Sorafenib and Lenvatinib are examples of targeted therapies used to treat advanced liver cancer. These drugs can help slow the growth of cancer cells and prolong survival. You can learn more about the advances in targeted therapy on medical journals like the New England Journal of Medicine.ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy drugs help the body's immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab, are examples of immunotherapies used to treat advanced liver cancer. These drugs can help the immune system fight cancer more effectively.Side Effects of Liver Cancer TreatmentLiver cancer treatment can cause side effects, which vary depending on the type of treatment and the individual patient. Common side effects include: Fatigue Nausea and Vomiting Loss of Appetite Diarrhea Skin Reactions Liver DamageIt is important to discuss potential side effects with your healthcare team and to take steps to manage them effectively. Supportive care, such as anti-nausea medication and nutritional support, can help improve quality of life during treatment.Clinical TrialsClinical trials are research studies that evaluate new liver cancer treatment approaches. Participating in a clinical trial may provide access to cutting-edge therapies and contribute to the development of new treatments. Talk to your doctor about whether a clinical trial is right for you. Information about clinical trails can be found at National Cancer InstitutePrognosis and Follow-up CareThe prognosis for liver cancer varies depending on the stage of cancer, liver function, and overall health. Early detection and treatment can improve outcomes. Even after successful treatment, regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence and to manage any long-term side effects.Follow-up care may include: Physical Exams Blood Tests (including liver function tests and AFP levels) Imaging Tests (such as CT scans or MRIs)Table: Comparison of Common Liver Cancer Treatments Treatment Description Suitable For Potential Side Effects Surgical Resection Removal of cancerous portion of the liver. Early-stage liver cancer with good liver function. Bleeding, infection, liver failure. Liver Transplantation Replacement of diseased liver with a healthy liver. Advanced liver cancer meeting specific criteria. Rejection, infection, bleeding. Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) Uses heat to destroy cancer cells. Small tumors not suitable for surgery. Pain, bleeding, liver damage. Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE) Chemotherapy drugs delivered directly to the tumor. Larger tumors or when surgery is not an option. Nausea, vomiting, fatigue, liver damage. Targeted Therapy Drugs targeting specific molecules involved in cancer cell growth. Advanced liver cancer. Diarrhea, fatigue, skin rash, high blood pressure. Immunotherapy Drugs that help the body's immune system attack cancer cells. Advanced liver cancer. Fatigue, skin rash, diarrhea, liver inflammation. Seeking Expert CareManaging liver cancer requires a comprehensive approach involving various specialists, including oncologists, surgeons, hepatologists, and radiologists. It is crucial to seek care from experienced professionals who can provide personalized treatment plans and support throughout the treatment journey.Disclaimer: This information is intended for general knowledge and informational purposes only, and does not constitute medical advice. It is essential to consult with a qualified healthcare professional for any health concerns or before making any decisions related to your health or treatment.